╨б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨░╤П ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╤М


╨Ю╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕

╨б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨░╤П ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╤М тАУ ╤Н╤В╨╛ ╨▓╨╡╤А╨╛╤П╤В╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╤В╨╛╨│╨╛, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╗╤О╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╜╨╡ ╨▓╤Л╨╖╨▓╨░╨╜╨╛ ╨╛╤И╨╕╨▒╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨▓╤Л╨▒╨╛╤А╨║╨╕. ╨н╤В╨╛ ╨┐╨╛╨┤╤А╨░╨╖╤Г╨╝╨╡╨▓╨░╨╡╤В, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╗╤О╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╕╨╝╨╡╨╡╤В ╨╛╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Г╤О ╨┐╤А╨╕╤З╨╕╨╜╤Г. ╨б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛, ╤З╤В╨╛╨▒╤Л ╤Б╤З╨╕╤В╨░╤В╤М ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╗╤О╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╤Л╨╝, ╨╛╨╜╨╛ ╨┤╨╛╨╗╨╢╨╜╨╛ ╨┐╤А╨╛╨╣╤В╨╕ ╤В╨╡╤Б╤В╨╕╤А╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╨╡.

╨з╤В╨╛╨▒╤Л ╨┤╨╛╨║╨░╨╖╨░╤В╤М ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╤Г╤О ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╤М, ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╛╤А ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╤Е ╨┤╨╛╨╗╨╢╨╡╨╜ ╨╛╤В╨║╨╗╨╛╨╜╨╕╤В╤М ╨╜╤Г╨╗╨╡╨▓╤Г╤О ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╤Г. ╨Э╤Г╨╗╨╡╨▓╨░╤П ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╨░. ╨░╨▒╤Б╨╛╨╗╤О╤В╨╜╨░╤П ╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╨╜╨░ ╨╕ ╨▓╤Б╨╡╨│╨┤╨░ ╨┐╤А╨░╨▓. ╨в╨░╨║╨╕╨╝ ╨╛╨▒╤А╨░╨╖╨╛╨╝, ╨┤╨░╨╢╨╡ ╨╡╤Б╨╗╨╕ ╨▓╤Л╨▒╨╛╤А╨║╨░ ╨▒╤Г╨┤╨╡╤В ╨▓╨╖╤П╤В╨░ ╨╕╨╖ ╨│╨╡╨╜╨╡╤А╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╤Б╨╛╨▓╨╛╨║╤Г╨┐╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕, ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В, ╨┐╨╛╨╗╤Г╤З╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╨┐╤А╨╕ ╨╕╨╖╤Г╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╕ ╨▓╤Л╨▒╨╛╤А╨║╨╕, ╨▒╤Г╨┤╨╡╤В ╤В╨░╨║╨╕╨╝ ╨╢╨╡, ╨║╨░╨║ ╨╕ ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨┐╨╛╨╗╨╛╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡. ╨з╨╕╤В╨░╤В╤М ╨┤╨░╨╗╨╡╨╡. ╨з╤В╨╛╨▒╤Л ╨┤╨╛╨║╨░╨╖╨░╤В╤М ╨╛╤И╨╕╨▒╨╛╤З╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╨╜╤Г╨╗╨╡╨▓╨╛╨╣ ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╤Л, p-╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╗╤О╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╨┤╨╛╨╗╨╢╨╜╨╛ ╨▒╤Л╤В╤М ╨╝╨╡╨╜╤М╤И╨╡ ╤Г╤А╨╛╨▓╨╜╤П ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕. p-valueP-valueP-Value, ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨▓╨╡╤А╨╛╤П╤В╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕, ╤П╨▓╨╗╤П╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╤А╨╡╤И╨░╤О╤Й╨╕╨╝ ╤Д╨░╨║╤В╨╛╤А╨╛╨╝ ╨┤╨╗╤П ╨╜╤Г╨╗╨╡╨▓╨╛╨╣ ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╤Л ╨┤╨╗╤П ╨▓╨╡╤А╨╛╤П╤В╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╤В╨╛╨│╨╛, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨┐╨╛╨╗╨░╨│╨░╨╡╨╝╤Л╨╣ ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В ╨╛╨║╨░╨╢╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╝, ╨▒╤Г╨┤╨╡╤В ╨┐╤А╨╕╨╜╤П╤В ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨╛╤В╨║╨╗╨╛╨╜╨╡╨╜, ╨╕ ╨┐╤А╨╕╨╜╤П╤В╨╕╤П ╨░╨╗╤М╤В╨╡╤А╨╜╨░╤В╨╕╨▓╨╜╨╛╨│╨╛ ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В╨░ ╨▓ ╤Б╨╗╤Г╤З╨░╨╡ ╨╛╤В╨║╨╗╨╛╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨┐╨╛╨╗╨░╨│╨░╨╡╨╝╤Л╤Е ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В╨╛╨▓. . ╨з╨╕╤В╨░╤В╤М ╨┤╨░╨╗╤М╤И╨╡ тАФ ╤Н╤В╨╛ ╨▓╨╡╤А╨╛╤П╤В╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╤В╨╛╨│╨╛, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╗╤О╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨▓╤Л╨╖╨▓╨░╨╜╨╛ ╤Б╨╗╤Г╤З╨░╨╣╨╜╤Л╨╝╨╕ ╤Д╨░╨║╤В╨╛╤А╨░╨╝╨╕.

╨Ю╨│╨╗╨░╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡

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╨Ъ╨╗╤О╤З╨╡╨▓╤Л╨╡ ╨▓╤Л╨▓╨╛╨┤╤Л

  • ╨б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨░╤П ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╨┐╨╛╨║╨░╨╖╤Л╨▓╨░╨╡╤В, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╗╤О╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨▓╤Л╨╖╨▓╨░╨╜╨╛ ╨║╨╛╨╜╨║╤А╨╡╤В╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╨┐╤А╨╕╤З╨╕╨╜╨╛╨╣, ╨░ ╨╜╨╡ ╤Б╨╗╤Г╤З╨░╨╣╨╜╤Л╨╝ ╤Д╨░╨║╤В╨╛╤А╨╛╨╝.
  • ╨г╤А╨╛╨▓╨╡╨╜╤М ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╤Б╤В╨░╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜ ╬▒. ╨Ш╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╤М ╤Г╤Б╤В╨░╨╜╨░╨▓╨╗╨╕╨▓╨░╨╡╤В ╨╡╨│╨╛ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╨╕ ╨╛╨▒╤Л╤З╨╜╨╛ ╤Б╨╛╤Б╤В╨░╨▓╨╗╤П╨╡╤В 0,01, 0,05 ╨╕╨╗╨╕ 0,1.
  • ╨Э╤Г╨╗╨╡╨▓╨░╤П ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╨░ ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨┐╨╛╨╗╨░╨│╨░╨╡╤В, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨╕╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╗╨╛╨╢╨╜╨╛. ╨Ю╨┤╨╜╨░╨║╨╛ ╨░╨╗╤М╤В╨╡╤А╨╜╨░╤В╨╕╨▓╨╜╨░╤П ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╨░, ╤П╨▓╨╗╤П╤О╤Й╨░╤П╤Б╤П ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨┐╨╛╨╗╨╛╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡╨╝ ╨╕╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╤П, ╨╝╨╛╨╢╨╡╤В ╨╛╨║╨░╨╖╨░╤В╤М╤Б╤П ╨▓╨╡╤А╨╜╨╛╨╣, ╨╛╤В╨▓╨╡╤А╨│╨╜╤Г╨▓ ╨╜╤Г╨╗╨╡╨▓╤Г╤О ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╤Г.
  • ╨г╤Б╨╗╨╛╨▓╨╜╨╛╨╡ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╬▒ = 0,05. ╨б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛, ╨╡╤Б╨╗╨╕ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ p ╨┤╨╗╤П ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╛╤А╨░ ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╤Е тЙд 0,05, ╤В╨╛ ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝. ╨Х╤Б╨╗╨╕ p-╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ > 0,05, ╤В╨╛ ╨╕╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╝╨╛╨╢╨╡╤В ╨▒╤Л╤В╤М ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕ ╨╜╨╡╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╤Л╨╝.

╨Я╨╛╨╜╨╕╨╝╨░╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╤Г╤А╨╛╨▓╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕

╨б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨░╤П ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╤И╨╕╤А╨╛╨║╨╛ ╨┐╤А╨╕╨╝╨╡╨╜╤П╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╨╕╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╤П╨╝╨╕ ╨▓ ╨║╨░╤З╨╡╤Б╤В╨▓╨╡ ╨╕╨╜╤Б╤В╤А╤Г╨╝╨╡╨╜╤В╨░ ╨║╨╛╨╗╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╤В╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╨╛╨│╨╛ ╨╕╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╤П ╨┤╨╗╤П ╨┐╤А╨╕╨╜╤П╤В╨╕╤П ╤А╨╡╤И╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣. ╨н╤В╨╛╤В ╨╕╨╜╤Б╤В╤А╤Г╨╝╨╡╨╜╤В ╨┐╤А╨╕╨╝╨╡╨╜╤П╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╨▓ ╤А╨░╨╖╨╗╨╕╤З╨╜╤Л╤Е ╨╛╨▒╨╗╨░╤Б╤В╤П╤Е, ╤В╨░╨║╨╕╤Е ╨║╨░╨║ ╨▒╨╕╨╖╨╜╨╡╤Б, ╨╝╨░╤А╨║╨╡╤В╨╕╨╜╨│, ╤А╨╡╨║╨╗╨░╨╝╨░, ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╕╤Ж╨╕╨╕ ╨╕ ╤Д╨╕╨╜╨░╨╜╤Б╤Л.

╨б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Г╤О╤Й╨╕╨╡ ╨┤╨▓╨░ ╤Д╨░╨║╤В╨╛╤А╨░ ╨╛╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╤П╤О╤В ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╤М.

  1. ╨а╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╤А ╨╛╨▒╤А╨░╨╖╤Ж╨░: ╨Ъ╨╛╨╗╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╤В╨▓╨╛ ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╗╤О╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╨▓ ╨╛╨│╤А╨╛╨╝╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╤Б╤В╨╡╨┐╨╡╨╜╨╕ ╨▓╨╗╨╕╤П╨╡╤В ╨╜╨░ ╤Г╤А╨╛╨▓╨╡╨╜╤М ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕. ╨С╨╛╨╗╤М╤И╨╛╨╣ ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╛╤А ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╤Е (╨╛╨▒╤П╨╖╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛ ╤А╨░╨╜╨┤╨╛╨╝╨╕╨╖╨╕╤А╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╜╨░╤П ╨▓╤Л╨▒╨╛╤А╨║╨░) ╤З╨░╤Б╤В╨╛ ╤Г╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╤П╨╡╤В ╨╛╤И╨╕╨▒╨║╤Г ╨▓╤Л╨▒╨╛╤А╨║╨╕╨Ю╤И╨╕╨▒╨║╨░ ╨▓╤Л╨▒╨╛╤А╨║╨╕╨д╨╛╤А╨╝╤Г╨╗╨░ ╨╛╤И╨╕╨▒╨║╨╕ ╨▓╤Л╨▒╨╛╤А╨║╨╕ ╨╕╤Б╨┐╨╛╨╗╤М╨╖╤Г╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╨┤╨╗╤П ╤А╨░╤Б╤З╨╡╤В╨░ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨╛╤И╨╕╨▒╨║╨╕, ╨║╨╛╤В╨╛╤А╨░╤П ╨▓╨╛╨╖╨╜╨╕╨║╨░╨╡╤В, ╨║╨╛╨│╨┤╨░ ╤З╨╡╨╗╨╛╨▓╨╡╨║, ╨┐╤А╨╛╨▓╨╛╨┤╤П╤Й╨╕╨╣ ╤В╨╡╤Б╤В, ╨╜╨╡ ╨▓╤Л╨▒╨╕╤А╨░╨╡╤В ╨▓╤Л╨▒╨╛╤А╨║╤Г, ╨║╨╛╤В╨╛╤А╨░╤П ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╤Б╤В╨░╨▓╨╗╤П╨╡╤В ╨▓╤Б╤О ╤А╨░╤Б╤Б╨╝╨░╤В╤А╨╕╨▓╨░╨╡╨╝╤Г╤О ╤Б╨╛╨▓╨╛╨║╤Г╨┐╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╤М. ╨д╨╛╤А╨╝╤Г╨╗╨░ ╨┤╨╗╤П ╨╛╤И╨╕╨▒╨║╨╕ ╨▓╤Л╨▒╨╛╤А╨║╨╕ = Z x (╧Г /тИЪn)╨┐╨╛╨┤╤А╨╛╨▒╨╜╨╡╨╡.
  2. ╨а╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╤А ╤Н╤Д╤Д╨╡╨║╤В╨░: ╨Ъ╨╛╤А╤А╨╡╨╗╤П╤Ж╨╕╤П ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤Г ╨┤╨▓╤Г╨╝╤П ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╛╤А╨░╨╝╨╕ ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╤Е ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨┐╨╡╤А╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╝╨╕ ╨╜╨░╨╖╤Л╨▓╨░╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╤А╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╤А╨╛╨╝ ╤Н╤Д╤Д╨╡╨║╤В╨░. ╨С╨╛╨╗╤М╤И╨╕╨╣ ╤Н╤Д╤Д╨╡╨║╤В sizeEffect SizeEffect size ╨╕╨╖╨╝╨╡╤А╤П╨╡╤В ╨╕╨╜╤В╨╡╨╜╤Б╨╕╨▓╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╨▓╨╖╨░╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╨▓╤П╨╖╨╕ ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤Г ╨┤╨▓╤Г╨╝╤П ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╛╤А╨░╨╝╨╕ ╨┐╨╡╤А╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╤Е ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨│╤А╤Г╨┐╨┐. ╨Ю╨╜ ╤А╨░╤Б╤Б╤З╨╕╤В╤Л╨▓╨░╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╨┐╤Г╤В╨╡╨╝ ╨┤╨╡╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╤А╨░╨╖╨╜╨╕╤Ж╤Л ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤Г ╤Б╤А╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╕╨╝╨╕ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П╨╝╨╕, ╨╛╤В╨╜╨╛╤Б╤П╤Й╨╕╨╝╨╕╤Б╤П ╨║ ╨┤╨▓╤Г╨╝ ╨│╤А╤Г╨┐╨┐╨░╨╝, ╨╜╨░ ╤Б╤В╨░╨╜╨┤╨░╤А╤В╨╜╨╛╨╡ ╨╛╤В╨║╨╗╨╛╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡. ╨н╤В╨╛ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨░╤П ╨║╨╛╨╜╤Ж╨╡╨┐╤Ж╨╕╤П. ╨б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛, ╨╛╨╜╨░ ╨┐╨╛╨┤╤А╨░╨╖╤Г╨╝╨╡╨▓╨░╨╡╤В, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨┤╨▓╨░ ╤А╨░╨╖╨╜╤Л╤Е ╨╕╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╤П ╨┐╨╛╨║╨░╨╖╤Л╨▓╨░╤О╤В ╨╛╤З╨╡╨╜╤М ╨┐╨╛╤Е╨╛╨╢╨╕╨╡ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П. ╨С╨╛╨╗╤М╤И╨╕╨╣ ╤А╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╤А ╤Н╤Д╤Д╨╡╨║╤В╨░ ╤Г╨║╨░╨╖╤Л╨▓╨░╨╡╤В ╨╜╨░ ╤В╨╛, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕ ╨▒╨╛╨╗╨╡╨╡ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╤Л.

╨Ч╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨░╨╗╤М╤Д╨░ (╬▒) ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╤Б╤В╨░╨▓╨╗╤П╨╡╤В ╤Б╨╛╨▒╨╛╨╣ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╤Г╤О ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╤М. ╨в╤А╨░╨┤╨╕╤Ж╨╕╨╛╨╜╨╜╨╛╨╡ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨░╨╗╤М╤Д╤Л ╤Б╨╛╤Б╤В╨░╨▓╨╗╤П╨╡╤В 0,05, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╤Б╨╛╤Б╤В╨░╨▓╨╗╤П╨╡╤В 5%. ╨Ю╨╜ ╤Б╨╗╤Г╨╢╨╕╤В 95% ╨┐╨╛╤А╨╛╨│╨╛╨╝ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕. ╨н╤В╨╛ ╨╛╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨░╨╡╤В, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨▓╨╡╤А╨╛╤П╤В╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╤В╨╛╤З╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В╨░ ╤Б╨╛╤Б╤В╨░╨▓╨╗╤П╨╡╤В 95%.

╨Ф╨╗╤П ╨┤╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╨┤╨╛╨╗╨╢╨╜╨╛ ╨▓╤Л╨┐╨╛╨╗╨╜╤П╤В╤М╤Б╤П ╤Е╨╛╤В╤П ╨▒╤Л ╨╛╨┤╨╜╨╛ ╨╕╨╖ ╨╖╨░╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╤Е ╤Г╤Б╨╗╨╛╨▓╨╕╨╣:

  1. ╨Ч╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ p ╨┤╨╛╨╗╨╢╨╜╨╛ ╨▒╤Л╤В╤М ╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╡ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╨░╨╗╤М╤Д╨░.
  2. ╨Ч╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╨╜╤Г╨╗╨╡╨▓╨╛╨╣ ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╤Л ╨╜╨╡ ╨┤╨╛╨╗╨╢╨╜╤Л ╨╕╨╝╨╡╤В╤М ╨╝╨╡╤Б╤В╨░ ╨▓ ╨┤╨╛╨▓╨╡╤А╨╕╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨╝ ╨╕╨╜╤В╨╡╤А╨▓╨░╨╗╨╡.

╨Ф╨╛╨▓╨╡╤А╨╕╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╨╕╨╜╤В╨╡╤А╨▓╨░╨╗ ╨Ф╨╛╨▓╨╡╤А╨╕╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╨╕╨╜╤В╨╡╤А╨▓╨░╨╗ ╨Ф╨╛╨▓╨╡╤А╨╕╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╨╕╨╜╤В╨╡╤А╨▓╨░╨╗ ╨╛╤В╨╜╨╛╤Б╨╕╤В╤Б╤П ╨║ ╤Б╤В╨╡╨┐╨╡╨╜╨╕ ╨╜╨╡╨╛╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕, ╤Б╨▓╤П╨╖╨░╨╜╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╤Б ╨║╨╛╨╜╨║╤А╨╡╤В╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╨║╨╛╨╣, ╨╕ ╤З╨░╤Б╤В╨╛ ╨╕╤Б╨┐╨╛╨╗╤М╨╖╤Г╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╨▓╨╝╨╡╤Б╤В╨╡ ╤Б ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╨╛╨╝ ╨┐╨╛╨│╤А╨╡╤И╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕. ╨Ф╨╛╨▓╨╡╤А╨╕╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╨╕╨╜╤В╨╡╤А╨▓╨░╨╗ = ╤Б╤А╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨╡ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨▓╤Л╨▒╨╛╤А╨║╨╕ ┬▒ ╨║╤А╨╕╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕╨╣ ╤Д╨░╨║╤В╨╛╤А ├Ч ╤Б╤В╨░╨╜╨┤╨░╤А╤В╨╜╨╛╨╡ ╨╛╤В╨║╨╗╨╛╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨▓╤Л╨▒╨╛╤А╨║╨╕. read more ╨╛╤В╨╜╨╛╤Б╨╕╤В╤Б╤П ╨║ ╨│╨░╤А╨░╨╜╤В╨╕╤А╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╜╨╛╨╝╤Г ╨┤╨╕╨░╨┐╨░╨╖╨╛╨╜╤Г, ╨▓ ╨║╨╛╤В╨╛╤А╤Л╨╣ ╨┐╨╛╨┐╨░╨┤╨░╤О╤В ╤Д╨░╨║╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕╨╡ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П. ╨Ф╨╗╤П p-╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П 0,05, ╤В╨╛ ╨╡╤Б╤В╤М 5%, ╨╛╤Б╤В╨░╨▓╤И╨╕╨╡╤Б╤П 95% ╤Б╤З╨╕╤В╨░╤О╤В╤Б╤П ╨┤╨╛╨▓╨╡╤А╨╕╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╨╝ ╨╕╨╜╤В╨╡╤А╨▓╨░╨╗╨╛╨╝.

╨Э╨░╨┐╤А╨╕╨╝╨╡╤А, ╨▓ ╨╕╤О╨╜╨╡ 2020 ╨│. ╨Ю╨б╨Ш╨Э╨Р ╨Ш╤Б╨┐╤Л╤В╨░╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╜╨╡ ╨┤╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕╨│╨╗╨╛ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╨┐╨╛ ╤Б╨▓╨╛╨╡╨╣ ╨╛╤Б╨╜╨╛╨▓╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╨║╨╛╨╜╨╡╤З╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╤В╨╛╤З╨║╨╡. ╨Ю╨▒ ╤Н╤В╨╛╨╝ ╤Б╨╛╨╛╨▒╤Й╨╕╨╗╨╛ ╨░╨│╨╡╨╜╤В╤Б╤В╨▓╨╛ ╨а╨╡╨╣╤В╨╡╤А.

╨в╨╡╤Б╤В ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ (P-╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡)

╨б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨░╤П ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╨▓╨║╨╗╤О╤З╨░╨╡╤В ╨▓ ╤Б╨╡╨▒╤П ╨╜╨░╤Е╨╛╨╢╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В╨░ ╨╕ ╨╡╨│╨╛ ╨┐╤А╨╛╨▓╨╡╤А╨║╤Г. ╨Э╨░╨▒╨╛╤А ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╤Е ╨┤╨╛╨╗╨╢╨╡╨╜ ╤Г╤Б╨┐╨╡╤И╨╜╨╛ ╨╛╤В╨▓╨╡╤А╨│╨╜╤Г╤В╤М ╨╜╤Г╨╗╨╡╨▓╤Г╤О ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╤Г.

#1 тАУ ╨б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨░╤П ╨┐╤А╨╛╨▓╨╡╤А╨║╨░ ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖

╨У╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╨░ тАУ ╤Н╤В╨╛ ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨┐╨╛╨╗╨╛╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╕╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╤П. ╨Ш╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╨╕ ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨┐╨╛╨╗╨░╨│╨░╤О╤В, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨╛╨╜╨╕ ╨┐╨╛╨╗╤Г╤З╨░╤В ╤В╨╛╤В ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨╕╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В ╨╡╤Й╨╡ ╨┤╨╛ ╨┐╤А╨╛╨▓╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╤В╨╡╤Б╤В╨░. ╨н╤В╨╛ ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨┐╨╛╨╗╨╛╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╛╤Б╨╜╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╛ ╨╜╨░ ╨▓╨╖╨░╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╨▓╤П╨╖╨╕ ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤Г ╤А╨░╨╖╨╗╨╕╤З╨╜╤Л╨╝╨╕ ╨┐╨╡╤А╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╝╨╕ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╛╤А╨░╨╝╨╕ ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╤Е.

╨Ф╨▓╨░ ╤В╨╕╨┐╨░ ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖, ╨╕╤Б╨┐╨╛╨╗╤М╨╖╤Г╨╡╨╝╤Л╤Е ╨┤╨╗╤П ╨░╨╜╨░╨╗╨╕╨╖╨░ ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╤Е, ╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Г╤О╤Й╨╕╨╡:

  1. ╨Э╤Г╨╗╨╡╨▓╨░╤П ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╨░: ╨в╨╡╨┐╨╡╤А╤М, ╨╡╤Б╨╗╨╕ ╤В╨╡╨╛╤А╨╕╤П, ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨╗╨╛╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╜╨░╤П ╨╕╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╤П╨╝╨╕, ╨╜╨╡╨▓╨╡╤А╨╜╨░, ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╨░ ╨╕╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╤П ╤Б╤З╨╕╤В╨░╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╨╜╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╣╤Б╤В╨▓╨╕╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨╣. ╨н╤В╨╛ ╨╛╨▒╨╛╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨░╨╡╤В╤Б╤П H0.
  2. ╨Р╨╗╤М╤В╨╡╤А╨╜╨░╤В╨╕╨▓╨╜╨░╤П ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╨░: ╨Ю╨┤╨╜╨░╨║╨╛, ╨╡╤Б╨╗╨╕ ╤В╨╡╨╛╤А╨╕╤П ╨╕╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╤П ╨╛╨║╨░╨╖╤Л╨▓╨░╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╨▓╨╡╤А╨╜╨╛╨╣, ╨╛╨╜╨░ ╨╜╨░╨╖╤Л╨▓╨░╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╨░╨╗╤М╤В╨╡╤А╨╜╨░╤В╨╕╨▓╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╨╛╨╣. ╨Ю╨▒╨╛╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨░╨╡╤В╤Б╤П H1.

# 2 — ╨б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╨╡ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ p

╨Ч╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ p ╨╛╨▒╨╛╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨░╨╡╤В ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨▓╨╡╤А╨╛╤П╤В╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕, ╤В╨╛ ╨╡╤Б╤В╤М ╨▓╨╡╤А╨╛╤П╤В╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В╨░, ╤П╨▓╨╗╤П╤О╤Й╨╡╨│╨╛╤Б╤П ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В╨╛╨╝ ╤Б╨╗╤Г╤З╨░╨╣╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╤Б╨╛╨▓╨┐╨░╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П, ╨░ ╨╜╨╡ ╤Д╨░╨║╤В╨╛╨▓. ╨в╨░╨║╨╕╨╝ ╨╛╨▒╤А╨░╨╖╨╛╨╝, ╤Г╤А╨╛╨▓╨╡╨╜╤М ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╨╝╨╛╨╢╨╜╨╛ ╨░╨╜╨░╨╗╨╕╨╖╨╕╤А╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╤М ╤Б ╨┐╨╛╨╝╨╛╤Й╤М╤О p-╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П, ╨║╨╛╤В╨╛╤А╨╛╨╡ ╨╜╨░╤Е╨╛╨┤╨╕╤В╤Б╤П ╨▓ ╨┤╨╕╨░╨┐╨░╨╖╨╛╨╜╨╡ ╨╛╤В 0 ╨┤╨╛ 1. ╨б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕╨╣ ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В ╤Б╤З╨╕╤В╨░╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╤В╨╛╤З╨╜╤Л╨╝, ╨║╨╛╨│╨┤╨░ p-╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╤А╨░╨▓╨╜╨╛ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╤М╤И╨╡ 0,05. ╨Ф╤А╤Г╨│╨╕╨╝╨╕ ╤Б╨╗╨╛╨▓╨░╨╝╨╕, ╨▓╨╡╤А╨╛╤П╤В╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╤В╨╛╨│╨╛, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╨▒╤Л╨╗╨╕ ╨┐╨╛╨╗╤Г╤З╨╡╨╜╤Л ╤Б╨╗╤Г╤З╨░╨╣╨╜╨╛ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╤Б╨╗╤Г╤З╨░╨╣╨╜╨╛, ╤Б╨╛╤Б╤В╨░╨▓╨╗╤П╨╡╤В ╨▓╤Б╨╡╨│╨╛ 5%.

╨б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨░╤П ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╤М

╨в╨░╨║╨╕╨╝ ╨╛╨▒╤А╨░╨╖╨╛╨╝, ╤В╨╡╤Б╤В╨╕╤А╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨┐╤А╨╕╨▓╨╡╨┤╨╡╤В ╨║ ╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Г╤О╤Й╨╕╨╝ ╨┤╨▓╤Г╨╝ ╨▓╨╛╨╖╨╝╨╛╨╢╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╤П╨╝.

  • p-╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ тЙд 0,05: ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ p, ╤А╨░╨▓╨╜╨╛╨╡ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨╝╨╡╨╜╤М╤И╨╡╨╡ 0,05, ╤Г╨║╨░╨╖╤Л╨▓╨░╨╡╤В ╨╜╨░ ╤В╨╛, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨╜╤Г╨╗╨╡╨▓╨░╤П ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╨░, ╨▓╨╡╤А╨╛╤П╤В╨╜╨╛, ╨╗╨╛╨╢╨╜╨░. ╨в╨░╨║╨╕╨╝ ╨╛╨▒╤А╨░╨╖╨╛╨╝, ╨╡╤Б╤В╤М ╤И╨░╨╜╤Б╤Л, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В ╨▒╤Г╨┤╨╡╤В ╨▒╨╛╨╗╨╡╨╡ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╤Л╨╝.
  • ╤А-╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ > 0,05: ╨Э╨░╨┐╤А╨╛╤В╨╕╨▓, ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡, ╨┐╤А╨╡╨▓╤Л╤И╨░╤О╤Й╨╡╨╡ 0,05, ╨╛╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨░╨╡╤В, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨╜╤Г╨╗╨╡╨▓╨░╤П ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╨░ ╨║╨░╨╢╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╨▓╨╡╤А╨╛╤П╤В╨╜╨╛╨╣, ╨╕ ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В ╨╝╨╛╨╢╨╡╤В ╨▒╤Л╤В╤М ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕ ╨╜╨╡╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╤Л╨╝.

╨а╨░╤Б╤З╨╡╤В ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕

╨а╨░╤Б╤Б╨╝╨╛╤В╤А╨╕╨╝ ╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Г╤О╤Й╤Г╤О ╨╖╨░╨┤╨░╤З╤Г ╨╜╨░ ╨╛╤Б╨╜╨╛╨▓╨╡ ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨│╨╛ ╤Б╤Ж╨╡╨╜╨░╤А╨╕╤П. ╨б╨░╨╝╤Г╤Н╨╗╤М, ╨▓╨╗╨░╨┤╨╡╨╗╨╡╤Ж ╨┐╨░╤А╨║╨░ ╤А╨░╨╖╨▓╨╗╨╡╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣, ╤Е╨╛╤З╨╡╤В, ╤З╤В╨╛╨▒╤Л ╨│╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╨┐╤А╨╛╨▓╨╛╨┤╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨▒╨╛╨╗╤М╤И╨╡ ╨▓╤А╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╕ ╨▓ ╨┐╨░╤А╨║╨╡. ╨б╤А╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨╡ ╨▓╤А╨╡╨╝╤П, ╨┐╤А╨╛╨▓╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╜╨╛╨╡ 20 ╨┐╨╛╤Б╨╡╤В╨╕╤В╨╡╨╗╤П╨╝╨╕ ╨┐╨░╤А╨║╨░, ╤Б╨╛╤Б╤В╨░╨▓╨╗╤П╨╡╤В 199 ╨╝╨╕╨╜╤Г╤В. ╨б╤Н╨╝╤О╤Н╨╗ ╤А╨╡╤И╨░╨╡╤В ╤Г╤Б╤В╨░╨╜╨╛╨▓╨╕╤В╤М ╨╜╨╛╨▓╤Л╨╡ ╨░╤В╤В╤А╨░╨║╤Ж╨╕╨╛╨╜╤Л. ╨Ф╨╗╤П ╤В╨╡╤Б╤В╨░ ╨┐╨╛╤А╨╛╨│ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╨┐╤А╨╕╨╜╤П╤В ╤А╨░╨▓╨╜╤Л╨╝ 5%, ╤Б╤А╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨╡ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨▓╤Л╨▒╨╛╤А╨║╨╕ ╤А╨░╨▓╨╜╨╛ 200 ╨╝╨╕╨╜╤Г╤В╨░╨╝, ╨░ ╤Б╤В╨░╨╜╨┤╨░╤А╤В╨╜╨╛╨╡ ╨╛╤В╨║╨╗╨╛╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╤А╨░╨▓╨╜╨╛ 200 ╨╝╨╕╨╜╤Г╤В╨░╨╝. ╨Э╨░ ╨╛╤Б╨╜╨╛╨▓╨╡ ╨┐╨╛╨╗╤Г╤З╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╤Е ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╤Е ╨┐╤А╨╛╨▓╨╡╨┤╨╕╤В╨╡ ╤В╨╡╤Б╤В ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╨┤╨╗╤П ╨б╤Н╨╝╤О╤Н╨╗╤П.

╨Ф╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡:

  • ┬╡ = 199 ╨╝╨╕╨╜╤Г╤В
  • ╨┐ = 20
  • ┬╡ ╨╛╤Б╤В╨░╨╡╤В╤Б╤П 199 ╨╝╨╕╨╜╤Г╤В ╨┤╨╛ ╤Г╤Б╤В╨░╨╜╨╛╨▓╨║╨╕ ╨╜╨╛╨▓╤Л╤Е ╨░╤В╤В╤А╨░╨║╤Ж╨╕╨╛╨╜╨╛╨▓
  • ┬╡ > 199 ╨╝╨╕╨╜╤Г╤В ╨┐╨╛╤Б╨╗╨╡ ╤Г╤Б╤В╨░╨╜╨╛╨▓╨║╨╕ ╨╜╨╛╨▓╤Л╤Е ╨░╤В╤В╤А╨░╨║╤Ж╨╕╨╛╨╜╨╛╨▓
  • ╬▒ = 5% ╨╕╨╗╨╕ 0,05
  • ╤Е = 200 ╨╝╨╕╨╜╤Г╤В
  • ╧Г = 200 ╨╝╨╕╨╜╤Г╤В

╨а╨░╤Б╤З╨╡╤В

╨Ь╤Л ╨▒╤Г╨┤╨╡╨╝ ╨┐╤А╨╕╨╝╨╡╨╜╤П╤В╤М z-╤В╨╡╤Б╤В ╨╖╨┤╨╡╤Б╤М,

Z = (x╠Д — ╬╝) / тИЪ (╧Г2 / n)

Z = (200 тАУ 199) / тИЪ(200 / 20)

Z = 1/3,16228

Z = 0,31623 = 0,3

╨в╨╡╨┐╨╡╤А╤М ╨┤╨░╨▓╨░╨╣╤В╨╡ ╨╛╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╨╕╨╝ z-╨╛╤Ж╨╡╨╜╨║╤Г ╨╕╨╗╨╕ p-╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨┤╨╗╤П ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╨╛╨╣ z-╤В╨░╨▒╨╗╨╕╤Ж╤Л:

Z0,000,10,20,30,40,00,500000,503990,507980,511970,51595

╨в╨░╨║╨╕╨╝ ╨╛╨▒╤А╨░╨╖╨╛╨╝, p-╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╤А╨░╨▓╨╜╨╛ 0,51197.

╨Ч╨┤╨╡╤Б╤М, p-╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ > ╬▒, ╤В.╨╡.., 0,51197 > 0,05

╨б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛, ╨╜╤Г╨╗╨╡╨▓╨░╤П ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╨░ ╨╝╨╛╨╢╨╡╤В ╨▒╤Л╤В╤М ╨▓╨╡╤А╨╜╨╛╨╣, ╨╕ ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В ╨╜╨╡ ╤П╨▓╨╗╤П╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╤Л╨╝.

╨Т ╨║╨░╤З╨╡╤Б╤В╨▓╨╡ ╨░╨╗╤М╤В╨╡╤А╨╜╨░╤В╨╕╨▓╤Л ╨┐╨╛╨╗╤М╨╖╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╨╕ ╨╝╨╛╨│╤Г╤В ╨▓╤Л╨▒╨╕╤А╨░╤В╤М ╨╕╨╖ ╤А╨░╨╖╨╗╨╕╤З╨╜╤Л╤Е ╨╛╨╜╨╗╨░╨╣╨╜-╨║╨░╨╗╤М╨║╤Г╨╗╤П╤В╨╛╤А╨╛╨▓ ╨┤╨╗╤П ╨┐╤А╨╛╨▓╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╤В╨╡╤Б╤В╨╛╨▓ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕.

╨б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨░╤П ╨╕ ╨┐╤А╨░╨║╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨░╤П ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╤М

╨б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨░╤П ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╨╕╤Б╨║╨╗╤О╤З╨░╨╡╤В ╤Б╨╗╤Г╤З╨░╨╣╨╜╨╛╨╡ ╤Б╨╛╨▓╨┐╨░╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╕ ╤Г╨║╨░╨╖╤Л╨▓╨░╨╡╤В ╨╜╨░ ╤В╨╛, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╤П╨▓╨╗╤П╤О╤В╤Б╤П ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В╨╛╨╝ ╨╛╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╨┐╤А╨╕╤З╨╕╨╜╤Л. ╨Ю╨┤╨╜╨░╨║╨╛ ╨┐╤А╨░╨║╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨░╤П ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╨╛╨▒╨╜╨░╤А╤Г╨╢╨╕╨▓╨░╨╡╤В ╨▓╨╡╨╗╨╕╤З╨╕╨╜╤Г ╤Н╤В╨╛╨│╨╛ ╤Н╤Д╤Д╨╡╨║╤В╨░ ╨╕ ╨╡╨│╨╛ ╨░╨║╤В╤Г╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╨▓ ╤А╨╡╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨╝ ╨╝╨╕╤А╨╡.

╨Т ╤В╨╛ ╨▓╤А╨╡╨╝╤П ╨║╨░╨║ ╨╕╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╨╕ ╨╕╤Б╨┐╨╛╨╗╤М╨╖╤Г╤О╤В ╤А╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╤А ╨▓╤Л╨▒╨╛╤А╨║╨╕ ╨╕ p-╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨┤╨╗╤П ╤Г╤Б╤В╨░╨╜╨╛╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕, ╤А╨░╨╖╨╝╨╡╤А ╤Н╤Д╤Д╨╡╨║╤В╨░ ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╛╤А╨╛╨▓ ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╤Е ╤Г╨║╨░╨╖╤Л╨▓╨░╨╡╤В ╨╜╨░ ╨┐╤А╨░╨║╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╤Г╤О ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╤М.

╨в╨░╨║╨╕╨╝ ╨╛╨▒╤А╨░╨╖╨╛╨╝, ╨┐╨╛╨╗╤Г╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╨▒╨╡╨╖ ╨╛╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╨┐╤А╨░╨║╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╨▒╤Л╨╗╨╛ ╨▒╤Л ╨╜╨╡ ╨╛╤З╨╡╨╜╤М ╨┐╨╛╨╗╨╡╨╖╨╜╤Л╨╝.

╨з╨░╤Б╤В╨╛ ╨╖╨░╨┤╨░╨▓╨░╨╡╨╝╤Л╨╡ ╨▓╨╛╨┐╤А╨╛╤Б╤Л (FAQ)

╨з╤В╨╛ ╤В╨░╨║╨╛╨╡ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨░╤П ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╨▓ ╨╕╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╤П╤Е?

╨в╨╡╤Б╤В╤Л ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╤И╨╕╤А╨╛╨║╨╛ ╨╕╤Б╨┐╨╛╨╗╤М╨╖╤Г╤О╤В╤Б╤П ╨▓ ╨╜╨░╤Г╤З╨╜╤Л╤Е, ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕╤Е ╨╕ ╨╝╨╡╨┤╨╕╤Ж╨╕╨╜╤Б╨║╨╕╤Е ╨╕╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╤П╤Е ╨┤╨╗╤П ╨╛╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╨╜╨░╨┤╨╡╨╢╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В╨╛╨▓ ╤В╨╡╤Б╤В╨╛╨▓ ╨┐╤Г╤В╨╡╨╝ ╨░╨╜╨░╨╗╨╕╨╖╨░ ╤И╨░╨╜╤Б╨╛╨▓ ╨╜╨░ ╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╨╜╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╨╜╤Г╨╗╨╡╨▓╨╛╨╣ ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╤Л.

╨Ъ╨░╨║ ╨╛╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╨╕╤В╤М ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╤Г╤О ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╤М?

╨и╨░╨│╨╕ ╨┤╨╗╤П ╤А╨░╤Б╤З╨╡╤В╨░ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Г╤О╤Й╨╕╨╡.
1. ╨Э╨░╨╣╨┤╨╕╤В╨╡ ╨╜╤Г╨╗╨╡╨▓╤Г╤О ╨╕ ╨░╨╗╤М╤В╨╡╤А╨╜╨░╤В╨╕╨▓╨╜╤Г╤О ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╤Л, ╤В. ╨╡. H0 ╨╕ H1.
2. ╨Я╤А╨╡╨┤╨┐╨╛╨╗╨╛╨╢╨╕╨╝ ╨┐╨╛╤А╨╛╨│ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╤Г╤А╨╛╨▓╨╡╨╜╤М ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ (╬▒).
3. ╨Я╨╛╨╗╤Г╤З╨╕╤В╨╡ ╨╛╨▒╤А╨░╨╖╨╡╤Ж ╨╕ ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╨┤╨╗╤П ╨┐╤А╨╛╨▓╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╤В╨╡╤Б╤В╨░.
4. ╨Ч╨░╨┐╤Г╤Б╤В╨╕╤В╨╡ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕╨╡ ╤В╨╡╤Б╤В╤Л, ╤В╨░╨║╨╕╨╡ ╨║╨░╨║ z-╤В╨╡╤Б╤В, T-╤В╨╡╤Б╤В, ANOVA ╨╕╨╗╨╕ Chi-Square.
5. ╨Я╤А╨╛╨▓╨╡╤А╤М╤В╨╡, ╤П╨▓╨╗╤П╤О╤В╤Б╤П ╨╗╨╕ ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╤Л╨╝╨╕, ╨╛╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╨╕╨▓ p-╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡.
6. ╨Ш╨╜╤В╨╡╤А╨┐╤А╨╡╤В╨╕╤А╤Г╨╣╤В╨╡ ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨╖╨░╨▓╨╡╤А╤И╨╕╤В╨╡ ╨╕╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╨╡.

╨Я╨╛╤З╨╡╨╝╤Г ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ p, ╤А╨░╨▓╨╜╨╛╨╡ 0,05?

╨Ч╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ p, ╤А╨░╨▓╨╜╨╛╨╡ 0,05, ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╤Б╤В╨░╨▓╨╗╤П╨╡╤В ╤Б╨╛╨▒╨╛╨╣ ╨░╨╗╤М╤Д╨░, ╤В.╨╡. ╨┐╨╛╤А╨╛╨│ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕. ╨н╤В╨╛ ╨│╤А╨░╨╜╨╕╤Ж╨░ ╨▓╨╡╤А╨╛╤П╤В╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕, ╨┐╨╛╤Н╤В╨╛╨╝╤Г ╨╗╤О╨▒╨╛╨╡ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡, ╨▓╤Л╤Е╨╛╨┤╤П╤Й╨╡╨╡ ╨╖╨░ ╨╡╨╡ ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╤Л, ╤Б╤З╨╕╤В╨░╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕ ╨╜╨╡╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╤Л╨╝. ╨Х╤Б╨╗╨╕ p-╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨┐╤А╨╡╨▓╤Л╤И╨░╨╡╤В 5%, ╤Н╤В╨╛ ╤Г╨║╨░╨╖╤Л╨▓╨░╨╡╤В ╨╜╨░ ╤В╨╛, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨▒╨╛╨╗╨╡╨╡ 5% ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╨▓╤Л╨╖╨▓╨░╨╜╤Л ╤Б╨╗╤Г╤З╨░╨╣╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╤М╤О. ╨Т ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В╨╡ ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╛╤А ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╤Е ╨╜╨╡╨╗╤М╨╖╤П ╨╕╤Б╨┐╨╛╨╗╤М╨╖╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╤М ╨▓ ╨║╨░╤З╨╡╤Б╤В╨▓╨╡ ╤Б╤Г╤Й╨╡╤Б╤В╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╨╛╨│╨╛ ╨┤╨╛╨║╨░╨╖╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╤Б╤В╨▓╨░ ╨┐╤А╨╕╤З╨╕╨╜╨╜╨╛-╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Б╤В╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╤Б╨▓╤П╨╖╨╕.

╨н╤В╨╛ ╨▒╤Л╨╗╨╛ ╨а╤Г╨║╨╛╨▓╨╛╨┤╤Б╤В╨▓╨╛ ╨┐╨╛ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╕╤Б╤В╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╨╕ ╨╡╨╡ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╤О. ╨Ч╨┤╨╡╤Б╤М ╨╝╤Л ╨╛╨▒╤Б╤Г╨╢╨┤╨░╨╡╨╝ ╤В╨╡╤Б╤В╤Л ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ (╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ p) ╨╕ ╤В╨╛, ╨║╨░╨║ ╨┐╨╛╨╜╤П╤В╤М ╨╡╨│╨╛ ╤Г╤А╨╛╨▓╨╜╨╕, ╨░ ╤В╨░╨║╨╢╨╡ ╨┐╤А╨╕╨╝╨╡╤А╤Л ╨╕ ╤А╨░╤Б╤З╨╡╤В╤Л. ╨Т╤Л ╤В╨░╨║╨╢╨╡ ╨╝╨╛╨╢╨╡╤В╨╡ ╨╛╨╖╨╜╨░╨║╨╛╨╝╨╕╤В╤М╤Б╤П ╤Б╨╛ ╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Г╤О╤Й╨╕╨╝╨╕ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╤М╤П╨╝╨╕, ╤З╤В╨╛╨▒╤Л ╤Г╨╖╨╜╨░╤В╤М ╨▒╨╛╨╗╤М╤И╨╡:

  • ╨Я╤А╨╛╨▓╨╡╤А╨║╨░ ╨│╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨╖╤Л
  • ╨б╤В╨╡╨┐╨╡╨╜╨╕ ╤Б╨▓╨╛╨▒╨╛╨┤╤Л
  • ╨в╨╡╤Б╤В ╤Е╨╕-╨║╨▓╨░╨┤╤А╨░╤В ╨▓ Excel

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