╨У╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П

╨Ч╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨╕

╨У╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П ╨╛╤В╨╜╨╛╤Б╨╕╤В╤Б╤П ╨║ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨╛╤В╤Б╤В╨░╨╗╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕, ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╗╤О╨┤╨░╨╡╨╝╨╛╨╣ ╨▓ ╤А╨░╨╖╨╜╤Л╤Е ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╨░╤Е ╨╝╨╕╤А╨░. ╨Т ╤В╨╛ ╨▓╤А╨╡╨╝╤П ╨║╨░╨║ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П ╨╖╨░╤В╤А╨░╨│╨╕╨▓╨░╨╡╤В ╨╛╨┤╨╜╤Г ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╤Г ╨╖╨░ ╤А╨░╨╖, ╨╡╨╡ ╤Г╨┤╨╗╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╤Б╨╡╤А╤М╨╡╨╖╨╜╨╛ ╨▓╨╗╨╕╤П╨╡╤В ╨╜╨░ ╨┤╤А╤Г╨│╨╕╨╡ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╨║╨╕, ╤Б╨▓╤П╨╖╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╤Б ╨┐╨╛╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨┤╨░╨▓╤И╨╡╨╣ ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╨╛╨╣. ╨в╨░╨║╨╕╨╡ ╤Б╨╛╨▒╤Л╤В╨╕╤П ╨┐╤А╨╕╨▓╨╛╨┤╤П╤В ╨║ ╤А╨╛╤Б╤В╤Г ╤Г╤А╨╛╨▓╨╜╤П ╨▒╨╡╨╖╤А╨░╨▒╨╛╤В╨╕╤Ж╤Л ╨╕ ╤Г╨▓╨╡╨╗╨╕╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╤О ╤Ж╨╡╨╜ ╨╕ ╨┐╨╛╤В╤А╨╡╨▒╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╤В╨╛╨▓╨░╤А╨╛╨▓, ╤В╨░╨║╨╕╤Е ╨║╨░╨║ ╨╜╨╡╤Д╤В╤М, ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╕╤Ж╨╕╨╣ ╨╜╨░ ╨┤╤Г╤И╤Г ╨╜╨░╤Б╨╡╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╨╕ ╤В. ╨┤. ╨Я╨╛ ╨╝╨╡╤А╨╡ ╤В╨╛╨│╨╛, ╨║╨░╨║ ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╤Л ╨▓╨╛╤Б╤Б╤В╨░╨╜╨░╨▓╨╗╨╕╨▓╨░╤О╤В╤Б╤П ╨┐╨╛╤Б╨╗╨╡ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨╕, ╨╛╨╜╨╕ ╤Б╤В╨░╨╜╨╛╨▓╤П╤В╤Б╤П ╨▒╨╛╨╗╨╡╨╡ ╤Н╤Д╤Д╨╡╨║╤В╨╕╨▓╨╜╤Л╨╝╨╕, ╤З╨╡╨╝ ╨║╨╛╨│╨┤╨░-╨╗╨╕╨▒╨╛.

╨е╨╛╤В╤П ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П ╨╝╨╛╨╢╨╡╤В ╨▒╤Л╤В╤М ╨┐╨╛╨╗╨╡╨╖╨╜╨╛╨╣, ╨┐╨╛╤Б╨║╨╛╨╗╤М╨║╤Г ╨▓╨╗╨╕╤П╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╜╨░ ╨╜╨╡╨║╨╛╤В╨╛╤А╤Л╨╡ ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╤Л ╤Б ╨╕╨╖╨▒╤Л╤В╨║╨╛╨╝ ╤А╨╡╤Б╤Г╤А╤Б╨╛╨▓ ╤Г╤А╨░╨▓╨╜╨╛╨▓╨╡╤И╨╕╨▓╨░╨╡╤В ╤Г╤А╨╛╨▓╨╡╨╜╤М ╨▒╨╗╨░╨│╨╛╤Б╨╛╤Б╤В╨╛╤П╨╜╨╕╤П ╨▓ ╨┤╤А╤Г╨│╨╕╤Е ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╨░╤Е, ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨░╤П ╨░╨║╤В╨╕╨▓╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╨▓╨╛ ╨▓╤Б╨╡╨╝ ╨╝╨╕╤А╨╡ ╤Б╨╕╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛ ╨╖╨░╤В╤А╤Г╨┤╨╜╨╡╨╜╨░. ╨б 1950-╤Е ╨│╨╛╨┤╨╛╨▓ ╨╝╨╕╤А ╤Б╤В╨░╨╗ ╤Б╨▓╨╕╨┤╨╡╤В╨╡╨╗╨╡╨╝ ╤З╨╡╤В╤Л╤А╨╡╤Е ╨║╤А╤Г╨┐╨╜╤Л╤Е ╨╝╨╕╤А╨╛╨▓╤Л╤Е ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨╣, ╨▓ ╤В╨╛╨╝ ╤З╨╕╤Б╨╗╨╡ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П ╨▓ 2008 ╨│╨╛╨┤╤Г.

╨Ю╨│╨╗╨░╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡

• ╨Ч╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨╕
  • ╨Ю╨▒╤К╤П╤Б╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨╕
  • ╨Я╤А╨╕╤З╨╕╨╜╤Л
  • ╨Я╨╛╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Б╤В╨▓╨╕╤П
  • ╨Я╤А╨╕╨╝╨╡╤А
  • ╨У╤А╤П╨┤╨╡╤В ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П?
  • ╨з╨░╤Б╤В╨╛ ╨╖╨░╨┤╨░╨▓╨░╨╡╨╝╤Л╨╡ ╨▓╨╛╨┐╤А╨╛╤Б╤Л (FAQ)
  • ╨а╨╡╨║╨╛╨╝╨╡╨╜╨┤╤Г╨╡╨╝╤Л╨╡ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╤М╨╕

╨Ъ╨╗╤О╤З╨╡╨▓╤Л╨╡ ╨▓╤Л╨▓╨╛╨┤╤Л

• ╨У╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П ╨▓╨╛╨╖╨╜╨╕╨║╨░╨╡╤В, ╨║╨╛╨│╨┤╨░ ╨┐╨╡╤А╨╕╨╛╨┤ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨╕ ╨┤╨╗╤П ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╨║, ╤Б╨▓╤П╨╖╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╤Е ╤З╨╡╤А╨╡╨╖ ╤В╨╛╤А╨│╨╛╨▓╨╗╤О ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╤Б╨┤╨╡╨╗╨║╨╕, ╨┐╤А╨╛╨┤╨╛╨╗╨╢╨░╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╨▓ ╤В╨╡╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨▒╨╛╨╗╨╡╨╡ ╨┤╨╗╨╕╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨│╨╛ ╨▓╤А╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╕.
• ╨Х╤Б╨╗╨╕ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕╨╡ ╨┐╨╛╤В╤А╤П╤Б╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П, ╤З╨╡╤А╨╡╨╖ ╨║╨╛╤В╨╛╤А╤Л╨╡ ╨┐╤А╨╛╤Е╨╛╨┤╤П╤В ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╤Л, ╨┤╨╛╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╛╤З╨╜╨╛ ╨▓╨╡╨╗╨╕╨║╨╕, ╤З╤В╨╛╨▒╤Л ╨┐╨╛╨▓╨╗╨╕╤П╤В╤М ╨╜╨░ ╨╕╤Е ╨Т╨Т╨Я, ╤Н╤В╨╛ ╨┐╤А╨╕╨▓╨╛╨┤╨╕╤В ╨║ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨╕.
• ╨б╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨Т╨Т╨Я ╨╜╨░ ╨┤╤Г╤И╤Г ╨╜╨░╤Б╨╡╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П, ╤Б╤В╨╕╤Е╨╕╨╣╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╨▒╨╡╨┤╤Б╤В╨▓╨╕╤П, ╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╤А╤П ╤А╨░╨▒╨╛╤З╨╕╤Е ╨╝╨╡╤Б╤В, ╤Б╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨┐╨╛╨║╤Г╨┐╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╤Б╨┐╨╛╤Б╨╛╨▒╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕, ╤Б╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╤Б╨┐╤А╨╛╤Б╨░ ╨╕ ╤В. ╨┤. ╤П╨▓╨╗╤П╤О╤В╤Б╤П ╨╜╨╡╨║╨╛╤В╨╛╤А╤Л╨╝╨╕ ╨┐╤А╨╕╤З╨╕╨╜╨░╨╝╨╕ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨│╨╛ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨│╨╛ ╤Б╨┐╨░╨┤╨░.
• ╨н╤В╨╛ ╨┐╤А╨╕╨▓╨╛╨┤╨╕╤В ╨║ ╤А╨╛╤Б╤В╤Г ╤Г╤А╨╛╨▓╨╜╤П ╨▒╨╡╨╖╤А╨░╨▒╨╛╤В╨╕╤Ж╤Л, ╤Г╨╢╨╡╤Б╤В╨╛╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╤О ╨┤╨╛╤Б╤В╤Г╨┐╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╨║╤А╨╡╨┤╨╕╤В╨╛╨▓, ╨║╨╛╨╜╤В╤А╨╛╨╗╤О ╨┐╨╛╤В╤А╨╡╨▒╨╕╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╤Б╨║╨╕╤Е ╤А╨░╤Б╤Е╨╛╨┤╨╛╨▓, ╤Б╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╕╤О ╤Ж╨╡╨╜ ╨╜╨░ ╨░╨║╤В╨╕╨▓╤Л ╨╕ ╤В. ╨┤.

╨Ю╨▒╤К╤П╤Б╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨╕

╨У╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П, ╨║╨░╨║ ╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Г╨╡╤В ╨╕╨╖ ╨╜╨░╨╖╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╤П, ╨╖╨░╤В╤А╨░╨│╨╕╨▓╨░╨╡╤В ╨▓╨╡╤Б╤М ╨╖╨╡╨╝╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╤И╨░╤А. ╨б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛, ╨▓ ╤Б╨╗╤Г╤З╨░╨╡ ╨▓╨╛╨╖╨┤╨╡╨╣╤Б╤В╨▓╨╕╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨╕ ╨╗╤О╨▒╨░╤П ╤Б╨╕╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╨║╨░, ╨╕╨╝╨╡╤О╤Й╨░╤П ╤В╨╛╤А╨│╨╛╨▓╤Л╨╡ ╨╛╤В╨╜╨╛╤И╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╨╕ ╨┤╤А╤Г╨│╨╕╨╡ ╤Б╨▓╤П╨╖╨╕ ╤Б ╨┤╤А╤Г╨│╨╕╨╝╨╕ ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╨░╨╝╨╕, ╤Б╨║╨╛╤А╨╡╨╡ ╨▓╤Б╨╡╨│╨╛, ╨┐╨╛╤Б╤В╨╡╨┐╨╡╨╜╨╜╨╛ ╨┐╨╛╨▓╨╗╨╕╤П╨╡╤В ╨╜╨░ ╤Б╨▓╤П╨╖╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╨║╨╕.

╨а╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П ╨╖╨╜╨░╨╝╨╡╨╜╤Г╨╡╤В ╤Б╨╛╨▒╨╛╨╣ ╤Б╨╡╤А╤М╨╡╨╖╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╤Б╨┐╨░╨┤ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨░╨║╤В╨╕╨▓╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕, ╨▓╨╡╨┤╤Г╤Й╨╕╨╣ ╨║ ╤Д╨╕╨╜╨░╨╜╤Б╨╛╨▓╤Л╨╝ ╨┐╨╛╤В╤А╤П╤Б╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П╨╝ ╨▓ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╨║╨╡. ╨Ъ╨╛╨│╨┤╨░ ╨╛╨╜ ╤А╨░╤Б╨┐╤А╨╛╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╤П╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╨╜╨░ ╨▒╨╛╨╗╨╡╨╡ ╨┤╨╗╨╕╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╨┐╨╡╤А╨╕╨╛╨┤, ╨╛╨╜ ╨▓╨╗╨╕╤П╨╡╤В ╨╜╨░ ╨┤╤А╤Г╨│╨╕╨╡ ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╤Л ╨╕╨╖-╨╖╨░ ╤В╨╛╤А╨│╨╛╨▓╤Л╤Е ╤Б╨▓╤П╨╖╨╡╨╣, ╨║╨╛╤В╨╛╤А╤Л╨╡ ╨╛╨╜╨╕ ╤А╨░╨╖╨┤╨╡╨╗╤П╤О╤В ╨┐╨╛ ╨▓╤Б╨╡╨╝╤Г ╨╝╨╕╤А╤Г. ╨Ъ╤А╨╛╨╝╨╡ ╤В╨╛╨│╨╛, ╤Д╨╕╨╜╨░╨╜╤Б╨╛╨▓╤Л╨╡ ╤Б╨╕╤Б╤В╨╡╨╝╤Л, ╨║╨╛╨╜╤В╤А╨╛╨╗╨╕╤А╤Г╨╡╨╝╤Л╨╡ ╨╝╨╡╨╢╨┤╤Г╨╜╨░╤А╨╛╨┤╨╜╤Л╨╝ ╤Б╨╛╨╛╨▒╤Й╨╡╤Б╤В╨▓╨╛╨╝, ╤В╨░╨║╨╢╨╡ ╨▓╨╗╨╕╤П╤О╤В ╨╜╨░ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╤Е ╨╕╨│╤А╨╛╨║╨╛╨▓, ╨║╨╛╨│╨┤╨░ ╨╛╨╜╨╕ ╨▓╤Б╤В╤Г╨┐╨░╤О╤В ╨▓ ╨║╨╛╨╜╤В╨░╨║╤В ╨┤╤А╤Г╨│ ╤Б ╨┤╤А╤Г╨│╨╛╨╝ ╨▓╨╛ ╨▓╤А╨╡╨╝╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨╕.

╨Ф╨░╨▓╨░╨╣╤В╨╡ ╨▒╤Л╤Б╤В╤А╨╛ ╨▓╨╖╨│╨╗╤П╨╜╨╡╨╝ ╨╜╨░ ╨│╤А╨░╤Д╨╕╨║ ╨╕╤Б╤В╨╛╤А╨╕╨╕ ╨╝╨╕╤А╨╛╨▓╨╛╨╣ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨╕ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨│╤А╨░╤Д╨╕╨║ ╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╡:

╨б╨╗. ╨Э╨╡╤В.╨У╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨╕ ╤Б 1870-╤Е ╨│╨╛╨┤╨╛╨▓1╨Ф╨╛╨╗╨│╨░╤П ╨┤╨╡╨┐╤А╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П (1873тАУ1879 ╨│╨│.) 399╨Я╨╛╤Б╨╗╨╡╨▓╨╛╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╤Б╨┐╨░╨┤ (╤Д╨╡╨▓╤А╨░╨╗╤М 1945 ╨│. тАУ ╨╛╨║╤В╤П╨▒╤А╤М 1945 ╨│.) 10 ╨а╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П ╨╜╨╡╤Д╤В╤П╨╜╨╛╨│╨╛ ╤Н╨╝╨▒╨░╤А╨│╨╛ (1973тАУ1975 ╨│╨│.) 13╨Т╨╡╨╗╨╕╨║╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П 2007-0914COVID-19 ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П 2020

╨Я╨╛ ╨┤╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╝ ╨Ь╨╡╨╢╨┤╤Г╨╜╨░╤А╨╛╨┤╨╜╨╛╨│╨╛ ╨▓╨░╨╗╤О╤В╨╜╨╛╨│╨╛ ╤Д╨╛╨╜╨┤╨░ (╨Ь╨Т╨д), ╨╡╨╢╨╡╨│╨╛╨┤╨╜╨╛╨╡ ╤Б╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨▓╨░╨╗╨╛╨▓╨╛╨│╨╛ ╨▓╨╜╤Г╤В╤А╨╡╨╜╨╜╨╡╨│╨╛ ╨┐╤А╨╛╨┤╤Г╨║╤В╨░ (╨Т╨Т╨Я) ╨╜╨░ ╨┤╤Г╤И╤Г ╨╜╨░╤Б╨╡╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╨▓╤Л╨╖╤Л╨▓╨░╨╡╤В ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤О. ╨Ю╨┤╨╜╨░╨║╨╛ ╨┤╨╗╤П ╤В╨╛╨│╨╛, ╤З╤В╨╛╨▒╤Л ╤Г╤Е╤Г╨┤╤И╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨Т╨Т╨Я ╨▓╤Л╨╖╨▓╨░╨╗╨╛ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕╨╣ ╨║╤А╨╕╨╖╨╕╤Б, ╨╛╨╜╨╛ ╨┤╨╛╨╗╨╢╨╜╨╛ ╤Б╨╛╨┐╤А╨╛╨▓╨╛╨╢╨┤╨░╤В╤М╤Б╤П ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╕╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╨╝ ╤Б╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡╨╝ ╤Д╨░╨║╤В╨╛╤А╨╛╨▓, ╨▓╨╗╨╕╤П╤О╤Й╨╕╤Е ╨╜╨░ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╨║╤Г, ╨▓╨║╨╗╤О╤З╨░╤П ╤В╨╛╤А╨│╨╛╨▓╨╗╤О, ╨┐╤А╨╛╨╕╨╖╨▓╨╛╨┤╤Б╤В╨▓╨╛, ╨╛╨▒╨╝╨╡╨╜ ╨╜╨░ ╨┤╤Г╤И╤Г ╨╜╨░╤Б╨╡╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╨╕ ╤В╤А╨░╨╜╨╖╨░╨║╤Ж╨╕╨╕.

╨Э╨░╤Ж╨╕╨╛╨╜╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨╡ ╨▒╤О╤А╨╛ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕╤Е ╨╕╤Б╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╨╣ (NBER) ╨╕╨╖╤Г╤З╨░╨╡╤В ╤Д╨░╨║╤В╨╛╤А╤Л, ╤З╤В╨╛╨▒╤Л ╨╛╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨╡╨╗╨╕╤В╤М, ╨╜╨╡ ╤Б╨┐╨╛╨╗╨╖╨░╨╡╤В ╨╗╨╕ ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╨░ ╨▓ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤О. ╨н╤В╨╕ ╤Д╨░╨║╤В╨╛╤А╤Л ╨▓╨║╨╗╤О╤З╨░╤О╤В ╤А╨╡╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╨┤╨╛╤Е╨╛╨┤ ╤Б ╨┐╨╛╨┐╤А╨░╨▓╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨╜╨░ ╨╕╨╜╤Д╨╗╤П╤Ж╨╕╤О, ╨╖╨░╨╜╤П╤В╨╛╤Б╤В╤М, ╨┐╤А╨╛╨╕╨╖╨▓╨╛╨┤╤Б╤В╨▓╨╛, ╤А╨╡╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╨Т╨Т╨Я ╨╕ ╤А╨╛╨╖╨╜╨╕╤З╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╨┐╤А╨╛╨┤╨░╨╢╨╕ ╤Б ╤Г╤З╨╡╤В╨╛╨╝ ╨╕╨╜╤Д╨╗╤П╤Ж╨╕╨╕. ╨н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╨║╨░ ╤Б╤З╨╕╤В╨░╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╨░╨║╤В╨╕╨▓╨╜╨╛╨╣, ╨╡╤Б╨╗╨╕ ╤Н╤В╨╕ ╤Д╨░╨║╤В╨╛╤А╤Л ╤Н╤Д╤Д╨╡╨║╤В╨╕╨▓╨╜╤Л ╨╕ ╨╜╨╡ ╨┐╨╛╨║╨░╨╖╤Л╨▓╨░╤О╤В ╨┐╤А╨╕╨╖╨╜╨░╨║╨╛╨▓ ╤Г╨┐╨░╨┤╨║╨░. ╨Т ╨┐╤А╨╛╤В╨╕╨▓╨╜╨╛╨╝ ╤Б╨╗╤Г╤З╨░╨╡ ╨╛╨▒╨╜╨░╤А╤Г╨╢╨╕╨▓╨░╤О╤В╤Б╤П ╤И╨░╨╜╤Б╤Л ╨╜╨░ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤О.

╨Я╨╛╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Б╤В╨▓╨╕╤П

╨Ю╤В ╤Г╨╢╨╡╤Б╤В╨╛╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╨┤╨╛╤Б╤В╤Г╨┐╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╨║╤А╨╡╨┤╨╕╤В╨░ ╨┤╨╛ ╨┐╨╛╨▓╤Л╤И╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╤Г╤А╨╛╨▓╨╜╤П ╨▒╨╡╨╖╤А╨░╨▒╨╛╤В╨╕╤Ж╤Л, ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П ╨╜╨╡╨│╨░╤В╨╕╨▓╨╜╨╛ ╨▓╨╗╨╕╤П╨╡╤В ╨╜╨░ ╨╗╤О╨▒╤Г╤О ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╤Г. ╨Ш ╨║╨╛╨│╨┤╨░ ╤Н╤В╨╛ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П, ╨╡╨╡ ╨▓╨╗╨╕╤П╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╜╨░╨▒╨╗╤О╨┤╨░╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╤Б╤А╨░╨╖╤Г ╨▓╨╛ ╨╝╨╜╨╛╨│╨╕╤Е ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╨░╤Е.

╨У╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕╨╣ ╤Б╨┐╨░╨┤ ╨┐╤А╨╕╨▓╨╛╨┤╨╕╤В ╨║ ╨▓╤Л╤Б╨╛╨║╨╛╨╝╤Г ╤Г╤А╨╛╨▓╨╜╤О ╨▒╨╡╨╖╤А╨░╨▒╨╛╤В╨╕╤Ж╤Л ╨╕ ╤Б╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╕╤О ╨╖╨░╤А╨░╨▒╨╛╤В╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╨┐╨╗╨░╤В╤Л. ╨а╨░╨▒╨╛╤З╨╕╨╡ ╤А╨░╤Б╨║╨╗╨░╨┤╤Л╨▓╨░╤О╤В╤Б╤П ╨┐╨╛ ╨╝╨╡╤А╨╡ ╤В╨╛╨│╨╛, ╨║╨░╨║ ╨║╨╛╤А╨┐╨╛╤А╨░╤Ж╨╕╨╕ ╨┐╤Л╤В╨░╤О╤В╤Б╤П ╤Г╨▒╨╡╤А╨╡╤З╤М ╤Б╨╡╨▒╤П ╨╛╤В ╤Г╤Б╤Г╨│╤Г╨▒╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╤Г╨▒╤Л╤В╨║╨╛╨▓. ╨Т ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В╨╡ ╨▒╨╛╨╗╨╡╨╡ ╨▓╤Л╤Б╨╛╨║╨╕╨╣ ╤Г╤А╨╛╨▓╨╡╨╜╤М ╨▒╨╡╨╖╤А╨░╨▒╨╛╤В╨╕╤Ж╤Л ╨╕ ╨▒╨╛╨╗╨╡╨╡ ╨╜╨╕╨╖╨║╨░╤П ╨╖╨░╤А╨░╨▒╨╛╤В╨╜╨░╤П ╨┐╨╗╨░╤В╨░ ╨▓╤Л╨╜╤Г╨╢╨┤╨░╤О╤В ╨┐╨╛╤В╤А╨╡╨▒╨╕╤В╨╡╨╗╨╡╨╣ ╨▓╨╛╨╖╨┤╨╡╤А╨╢╨╕╨▓╨░╤В╤М╤Б╤П ╨╛╤В ╤А╨░╤Б╤Е╨╛╨┤╨╛╨▓, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨╡╤Й╨╡ ╨▒╨╛╨╗╤М╤И╨╡ ╤Г╤Б╨╕╨╗╨╕╨▓╨░╨╡╤В ╨▓╨╛╨╖╨┤╨╡╨╣╤Б╤В╨▓╨╕╨╡ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨│╨╛ ╤Б╨┐╨░╨┤╨░.

╨Ъ╤А╨╛╨╝╨╡ ╤В╨╛╨│╨╛, ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╛╤А╤Л ╨▓╨╛╨╖╨┤╨╡╤А╨╢╨╕╨▓╨░╤О╤В╤Б╤П ╨╛╤В ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╕╤Ж╨╕╨╣ ╨╕ ╨▓╤Л╨║╤Г╨┐╨░╤О╤В ╤Б╤Г╤Й╨╡╤Б╤В╨▓╤Г╤О╤Й╨╕╨╡ ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╕╤Ж╨╕╨╕, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨┐╤А╨╕╨▓╨╛╨┤╨╕╤В ╨║ ╨╛╨▒╨▓╨░╨╗╤Г ╤Ж╨╡╨╜ ╨╜╨░ ╤А╨╕╤Б╨║╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╨░╨║╤В╨╕╨▓╤Л. ╨Т ╤А╨╡╨╖╤Г╨╗╤М╤В╨░╤В╨╡ ╤Д╨╕╨╜╨░╨╜╤Б╨╛╨▓╤Л╨╡ ╤Г╤З╤А╨╡╨╢╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╤Б╤В╨░╨╗╨║╨╕╨▓╨░╤О╤В╤Б╤П ╤Б ╤И╨╕╤А╨╛╨║╨╛ ╤А╨░╤Б╨┐╤А╨╛╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╝╨╕ ╨┤╨╡╤Д╨╛╨╗╤В╨░╨╝╨╕, ╨║╨╛╤В╨╛╤А╤Л╨╡ ╤Б╤К╨╡╨┤╨░╤О╤В ╨╕╤Е ╤Б╨╛╨▒╤Б╤В╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╨║╨░╨┐╨╕╤В╨░╨╗. ╤Б╨╛╨▒╤Б╤В╨▓╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╨║╨░╨┐╨╕╤В╨░╨╗ ╨╕ ╨┐╤А╨╡╤Д╨╡╤А╨╡╨╜╤Ж╨╕╨╕), ╨░ ╤В╨░╨║╨╢╨╡ ╤А╨╡╨╖╨╡╤А╨▓╤Л ╨╕ ╨┐╤А╨╛╤Д╨╕╤Ж╨╕╤В, ╨╕ ╨╕╨╜╨╛╨│╨┤╨░ ╨┐╤А╨╕╨▓╨╛╨┤╤П╤В ╨║ ╨▒╨░╨╜╨║╤А╨╛╤В╤Б╤В╨▓╤Г. ╨С╨╛╨╗╨╡╨╡ ╤В╨╛╨│╨╛, ╨░╨║╤В╨╕╨▓╤Л-╤Г╨▒╨╡╨╢╨╕╤Й╨░, ╤В╨░╨║╨╕╨╡ ╨║╨░╨║ ╨╖╨╛╨╗╨╛╤В╨╛, ╨┤╨╡╨╝╨╛╨╜╤Б╤В╤А╨╕╤А╤Г╤О╤В ╤А╨╛╤Б╤В ╨▓ ╤Ж╨╡╨╜╨╡, ╨┐╨╛╤Б╨║╨╛╨╗╤М╨║╤Г ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╛╤А╤Л ╨│╨╛╨╜╤П╤В╤Б╤П ╨╖╨░ ╤Н╤В╨╕╨╝╨╕ ╨░╨║╤В╨╕╨▓╨░╨╝╨╕, ╤З╤В╨╛╨▒╤Л ╨╖╨░╤Й╨╕╤В╨╕╤В╤М ╤Б╨▓╨╛╨╣ ╨║╨░╨┐╨╕╤В╨░╨╗.

╨г╤З╨╕╤В╤Л╨▓╨░╤П ╨▓╨╗╨╕╤П╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╤Е ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕╤Е ╨┐╨╛╤В╤А╤П╤Б╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╣, ╤А╨╡╨│╤Г╨╗╨╕╤А╤Г╤О╤Й╨╕╨╡ ╨╛╤А╨│╨░╨╜╤Л ╨▓╤Л╤П╨▓╨╗╤П╤О╤В ╨╗╨░╨╖╨╡╨╣╨║╨╕ ╨╕ ╤Б╨╛╨╖╨┤╨░╤О╤В ╨╜╨╛╨▓╤Л╨╡ ╨┐╤А╨░╨▓╨╕╨╗╨░ ╨┤╨╗╤П ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╨╛╤В╨▓╤А╨░╤Й╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╨║╤А╨╕╨╖╨╕╤Б╨╛╨▓ ╨▓ ╨▒╤Г╨┤╤Г╤Й╨╡╨╝.

╨Я╤А╨╕╨╝╨╡╤А

╨а╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П 2009 ╨│╨╛╨┤╨░ ╨▒╤Л╨╗╨░ ╨╜╨░╨╕╤Е╤Г╨┤╤И╨╡╨╣ ╨┐╨╛ ╤Б╨▓╨╛╨╡╨╝╤Г ╨▓╨╗╨╕╤П╨╜╨╕╤О ╨╜╨░ ╨╝╨╕╤А ╨╕ ╤Б╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╕╤О ╨Т╨Т╨Я. ╨а╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П ╨┐╤А╨╛╨┤╨╛╨╗╨╢╨░╨╗╨░╤Б╤М ╤Б ╨┤╨╡╨║╨░╨▒╤А╤П 2007 ╨│. ╨┐╨╛ ╨╕╤О╨╜╤М 2009 ╨│., ╤Б╨╡╤А╤М╨╡╨╖╨╜╨╛ ╨╖╨░╤В╤А╨╛╨╜╤Г╨▓ ╤А╨░╨╖╨▓╨╕╤В╤Л╨╡ ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╤Л, ╨╛╤Б╨╛╨▒╨╡╨╜╨╜╨╛ ╨б╨и╨Р. ╨Т╨Т╨Я ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╤Л ╤Г╨┐╨░╨╗ ╨╜╨░ 4,3%, ╤Ж╨╡╨╜╤Л ╨╜╨░ ╨╢╨╕╨╗╤М╨╡ ╤Б╨╜╨╕╨╖╨╕╨╗╨╕╤Б╤М ╨╜╨░ 17,3%, ╨░ ╤Г╤А╨╛╨▓╨╡╨╜╤М ╨▒╨╡╨╖╤А╨░╨▒╨╛╤В╨╕╤Ж╤Л ╨┤╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕╨│ ╨┐╨╕╨║╨░ ╨▓ 10% ╨▓ ╨╛╨║╤В╤П╨▒╤А╨╡ 2009 ╨│╨╛╨┤╨░.

╨а╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П 2009 ╨│╨╛╨┤╨░, ╤В╨░╨║╨╢╨╡ ╨╕╨╖╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╜╨░╤П ╨║╨░╨║ ╨Т╨╡╨╗╨╕╨║╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П, ╨▓╤Л╨╖╨▓╨░╨╜╨╜╨░╤П ╨┐╨░╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡╨╝ ╤А╤Л╨╜╨║╨░ ╨╜╨╡╨┤╨▓╨╕╨╢╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╨▓ ╨б╨╛╨╡╨┤╨╕╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╤Е ╨и╤В╨░╤В╨░╤Е, ╤В╨░╨║ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨╕╨╜╨░╤З╨╡ ╨┐╨╛╨▓╨╗╨╕╤П╨╗╨░ ╨╜╨░ ╨▓╤Б╨╡ ╨║╤А╤Г╨┐╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╨║╨╕ ╨╝╨╕╤А╨░. ╨Ъ╤А╨╛╨╝╨╡ ╤В╨╛╨│╨╛, ╤И╨╕╤А╨╛╨║╨╛ ╤А╨░╤Б╨┐╤А╨╛╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╨┤╨╡╤Д╨╛╨╗╤В╤Л ╨╜╨░ ╤А╤Л╨╜╨║╨╡ ╨╢╨╕╨╗╤М╤П ╨▓╤Л╨╖╨▓╨░╨╗╨╕ ╤Б╤Г╨▒╤Б╤В╨░╨╜╨┤╨░╤А╤В╨╜╤Г╤О ╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╨║╤Г. ╨Я╨╛╤Б╨║╨╛╨╗╤М╨║╤Г ╤А╨╕╤Б╨║ ╨▓╨╛╤Б╤Б╤В╨░╨╜╨╛╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╨▓╤Л╤Б╨╛╨║, ╨┐╤А╨╛╤Ж╨╡╨╜╤В╨╜╨░╤П ╤Б╤В╨░╨▓╨║╨░, ╨▓╨╖╨╕╨╝╨░╨╡╨╝╨░╤П ╨┐╨╛ ╤В╨░╨║╨╕╨╝ ╨╕╨┐╨╛╤В╨╡╤З╨╜╤Л╨╝ ╨║╤А╨╡╨┤╨╕╤В╨░╨╝, ╨▓╤Л╤И╨╡, ╤З╤В╨╛╨▒╤Л ╨║╤А╨╡╨┤╨╕╤В╨╛╤А ╨╝╨╛╨│ ╨▓╨╡╤А╨╜╤Г╤В╤М ╨╝╨░╨║╤Б╨╕╨╝╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╤Г╤О ╤Б╤Г╨╝╨╝╤Г ╨▓ ╨╜╨░╤З╨░╨╗╨╡ ╨║╤А╨╡╨┤╨╕╤В╨░. ╨з╨╕╤В╨░╤В╤М ╨┤╨░╨╗╨╡╨╡ ╨║╤А╨╕╨╖╨╕╤Б, ╨▓╨╡╨┤╤Г╤Й╨╕╨╣ ╨║ ╨┐╨╛╨╗╨╜╨╛╨╝╤Г ╨║╤А╨░╤Е╤Г ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╨║╨╕.

╨Т╨╛ ╨▓╤А╨╡╨╝╤П ╨╢╨╕╨╗╨╕╤Й╨╜╨╛╨│╨╛ ╨▒╤Г╨╝╨░ ╨▓ ╨б╨и╨Р ╨┤╨╛ ╤Н╤В╨╛╨│╨╛ ╨┐╨╡╤А╨╕╨╛╨┤╨░ ╨▒╨░╨╜╨║╨╕ ╨░╨│╤А╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨▓╨╜╨╛ ╨║╤А╨╡╨┤╨╕╤В╨╛╨▓╨░╨╗╨╕ ╤Б╤Г╨▒╤Б╤В╨░╨╜╨┤╨░╤А╤В╨╜╤Л╤Е ╨╖╨░╨╡╨╝╤Й╨╕╨║╨╛╨▓, ╨╜╨╡ ╨╛╨▒╤А╨░╤Й╨░╤П ╨▓╨╜╨╕╨╝╨░╨╜╨╕╤П ╨╜╨░ ╨┐╨╗╨░╤В╨╡╨╢╨╡╤Б╨┐╨╛╤Б╨╛╨▒╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╤М. ╨Ъ╤А╤Г╨┐╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╕╤Ж╨╕╨╛╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╨▒╨░╨╜╨║╨╕ ╨┐╨╛╨║╤Г╨┐╨░╨╗╨╕ ╤Н╤В╨╕ ╨║╤А╨╡╨┤╨╕╤В╤Л ╤Г ╨▒╨░╨╜╨║╨╛╨▓, ╤Г╨┐╨░╨║╨╛╨▓╤Л╨▓╨░╨╗╨╕ ╨╕╤Е ╨▓ ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╕╤Ж╨╕╨╛╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╤Ж╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╨▒╤Г╨╝╨░╨│╨╕. ╨Ш╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╕╤Ж╨╕╨╛╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╤Ж╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╨▒╤Г╨╝╨░╨│╨╕. ╨Ш╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╕╤Ж╨╕╨╛╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╤Ж╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╨▒╤Г╨╝╨░╨│╨╕ ╨┐╤А╨╕╨╛╨▒╤А╨╡╤В╨░╤О╤В╤Б╤П ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╛╤А╨░╨╝╨╕ ╤Б ╨┐╨╛╨╝╨╛╤Й╤М╤О ╨┐╨╛╤Б╤А╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╕╨║╨░ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨░╨│╨╡╨╜╤В╨░ ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨▒╨╡╨╖ ╨╜╨╡╨│╨╛ ╨╕╤Б╨║╨╗╤О╤З╨╕╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛ ╤Б ╤Ж╨╡╨╗╤М╤О ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╕╤А╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╤П ╨╕ ╨┤╨╛╨╗╨│╨╛╤Б╤А╨╛╤З╨╜╨╛╨│╨╛ ╨▓╨╗╨░╨┤╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П. ╨Ю╨╜╨╕ ╨╛╤В╤А╨░╨╢╨░╤О╤В╤Б╤П ╨▓ ╤Д╨╕╨╜╨░╨╜╤Б╨╛╨▓╨╛╨╣ ╨╛╤В╤З╨╡╤В╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕ ╨║╨░╨║ ╨┤╨╛╨╗╨│╨╛╤Б╤А╨╛╤З╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╕╤Ж╨╕╨╕ ╨╕ ╨▓╨║╨╗╤О╤З╨░╤О╤В ╨▓ ╤Б╨╡╨▒╤П ╤Ж╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╨▒╤Г╨╝╨░╨│╨╕ ╤Б ╤Д╨╕╨║╤Б╨╕╤А╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╝ ╨╕ ╨┐╨╡╤А╨╡╨╝╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╝ ╨┤╨╛╤Е╨╛╨┤╨╛╨╝. ╨з╨╕╤В╨░╤В╤М ╨┤╨░╨╗╨╡╨╡, ╨╕ ╨┐╤А╨╛╨┤╨░╨╗╨╕ ╨╕╤Е ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╛╤А╨░╨╝ ╨┐╨╛ ╨▓╤Б╨╡╨╝╤Г ╨╝╨╕╤А╤Г. ╨Ъ╨╛╨│╨┤╨░ ╨╖╨░╨╡╨╝╤Й╨╕╨║╨╕ ╨╛╨▒╤К╤П╨▓╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╨┤╨╡╤Д╨╛╨╗╤В, ╤Ж╨╡╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╨▒╤Г╨╝╨░╨│╨╕, ╨╛╤Б╨╜╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╨╜╨░ ╤Н╤В╨╕╤Е ╨║╤А╨╡╨┤╨╕╤В╨░╤Е, ╨╛╨▒╨╡╤Б╤Ж╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╗╨╕╤Б╤М, ╨╕ ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╛╤А╤Л ╨┐╨╛ ╨▓╤Б╨╡╨╝╤Г ╨╝╨╕╤А╤Г ╨┐╨╛╨╜╨╡╤Б╨╗╨╕ ╨▒╨╛╨╗╤М╤И╨╕╨╡ ╤Г╨▒╤Л╤В╨║╨╕.

╨У╤А╤П╨┤╨╡╤В ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П?

╨е╨╛╤В╤П ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П ╨╛╨▒╨╜╨░╤А╤Г╨╢╨╡╨╜ ╨з╤В╨╛ ╨║╨░╤Б╨░╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╤А╨╡╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨│╨╛ ╨┤╨╛╤Е╨╛╨┤╨░ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╨║╨╕ ╨╕ ╨┤╤А╤Г╨│╨╕╤Е ╤Б╨╛╨┐╤Г╤В╤Б╤В╨▓╤Г╤О╤Й╨╕╤Е ╤Д╨░╨║╤В╨╛╤А╨╛╨▓, ╤В╨╛ ╨┐╤А╨╛╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б ╨▓╤Л╤П╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨│╨╛ ╤Б╨┐╨░╨┤╨░ ╨╜╨╡ ╨▓╤Б╨╡╨│╨┤╨░ ╨╛╨┤╨╕╨╜╨░╨║╨╛╨▓. ╨Э╨░╨┐╤А╨╕╨╝╨╡╤А, ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П 2022 ╨│╨╛╨┤╨░, ╨║╨░╨║ ╨╡╨╡ ╤З╨░╤Б╤В╨╛ ╨╜╨░╨╖╤Л╨▓╨░╤О╤В, ╨╜╨╡ ╨┐╨╛╨║╨░╨╖╤Л╨▓╨░╨╡╤В ╨╜╨╕╨║╨░╨║╨╕╤Е ╨┐╤А╨╕╨╖╨╜╨░╨║╨╛╨▓ ╤В╨░╨║╨╛╨│╨╛ ╤Б╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П, ╨╜╨╛, ╨║╨░╨║ ╨│╨╛╨▓╨╛╤А╤П╤В, ╤Г╨║╨░╨╖╤Л╨▓╨░╨╡╤В ╨╜╨░ ╨┐╤А╨╕╨▒╨╗╨╕╨╢╨░╤О╤Й╤Г╤О╤Б╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤О.

╨е╨╛╤В╤П ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕╨╡ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨╕ 1975, 1982, 1991, 2009 ╨╕ 2020 ╨│╨╛╨┤╨╛╨▓, ╨║╨░╨╖╨░╨╗╨╛╤Б╤М, ╨┤╨╡╨╝╨╛╨╜╤Б╤В╤А╨╕╤А╨╛╨▓╨░╨╗╨╕ ╤Н╤В╨╕ ╨┐╤А╨╕╨╖╨╜╨░╨║╨╕, ╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Г╤О╤Й╨░╤П ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П, ╨║╨░╨║ ╤Г╨║╨░╨╖╨░╨╜╨╛ ╨║ 2022 ╨│╨╛╨┤╤Г, ╨╜╨╡ ╨╕╨╝╨╡╨╡╤В ╤Н╤В╨╕╤Е ╨┐╤А╨╕╨╖╨╜╨░╨║╨╛╨▓. ╨Ю╤Д╨╕╤Ж╨╕╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╤А╨╛╤Б╤В, ╨╖╨░╤А╨╡╨│╨╕╤Б╤В╤А╨╕╤А╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╨▓ 2022 ╨│╨╛╨┤╤Г, ╤Б╨╛╤Б╤В╨░╨▓╨╗╤П╨╡╤В 3,6 ╨┐╤А╨╛╤Ж╨╡╨╜╤В╨░, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨┐╤А╨╛╤В╨╕╨▓╨╛╤А╨╡╤З╨╕╤В ╨╛╨╢╨╕╨┤╨░╨╜╨╕╤П╨╝. ╨б ╨┤╤А╤Г╨│╨╛╨╣ ╤Б╤В╨╛╤А╨╛╨╜╤Л, ╨╖╨░╨┐╨╕╤Б╨╕ ╨┐╨╛╨║╨░╨╖╤Л╨▓╨░╤О╤В ╨▓╨╛╤Б╤Б╤В╨░╨╜╨╛╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╨║╨╕, ╨▓ ╤З╨╡╨╝-╤В╨╛ ╨┐╨╛╤Е╨╛╨╢╨╡╨╡ ╨╜╨░ ╨▓╨╛╤Б╤Б╤В╨░╨╜╨╛╨▓╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡, ╨╛╤В╨╝╨╡╤З╨╡╨╜╨╜╨╛╨╡ ╨▓╨╛ ╨▓╤В╨╛╤А╨╛╨╣ ╨┐╨╛╨╗╨╛╨▓╨╕╨╜╨╡ 2021 ╨│╨╛╨┤╨░.

╨е╨╛╤В╤П ╨║╤А╨░╨╣╨╜╨╡ ╨▓╨░╨╢╨╜╨╛ ╤Б╨║╨░╨╖╨░╤В╤М, ╨╛╨▒╤А╤Г╤И╨╕╤В╤Б╤П ╨╗╨╕ ╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Г╤О╤Й╨╕╨╣ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕╨╣ ╤Б╨┐╨░╨┤ ╨╜╨░ ╨▓╨╡╤Б╤М ╨╝╨╕╤А, ╨╛╨╢╨╕╨┤╨░╨╡╤В╤Б╤П, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╨║╨░╨╢╨┤╨░╤П ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╨░ ╨▒╤Г╨┤╨╡╤В ╨│╨╛╤В╨╛╨▓╨░ ╤Б╨┐╤А╨░╨▓╨╕╤В╤М╤Б╤П ╤Б ╨╡╨│╨╛ ╨┐╨╛╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Б╤В╨▓╨╕╤П╨╝╨╕.

╨з╨░╤Б╤В╨╛ ╨╖╨░╨┤╨░╨▓╨░╨╡╨╝╤Л╨╡ ╨▓╨╛╨┐╤А╨╛╤Б╤Л (FAQ)

╨з╤В╨╛ ╤В╨░╨║╨╛╨╡ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П?

╨У╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П тАФ ╤Н╤В╨╛ ╤Б╨╡╤А╤М╨╡╨╖╨╜╨╛╨╡ ╤Б╨╜╨╕╨╢╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╨░╨║╤В╨╕╨▓╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕, ╨╖╨░╤В╤А╨░╨│╨╕╨▓╨░╤О╤Й╨╡╨╡ ╨╝╨╜╨╛╨│╨╕╨╡ ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜╤Л ╨╝╨╕╤А╨░, ╨╛╨▒╤Л╤З╨╜╨╛ ╤Б╨╛╨┐╤А╨╛╨▓╨╛╨╢╨┤╨░╤О╤Й╨╡╨╡╤Б╤П ╤Г╤Е╤Г╨┤╤И╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡╨╝ ╨╛╤Б╨╜╨╛╨▓╨╜╤Л╤Е ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕╤Е ╨┐╨╛╨║╨░╨╖╨░╤В╨╡╨╗╨╡╨╣, ╨▓╨║╨╗╤О╤З╨░╤П ╤В╨╛╤А╨│╨╛╨▓╨╗╤О, ╨┐╤А╨╛╨╕╨╖╨▓╨╛╨┤╤Б╤В╨▓╨╛, ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╕╤Ж╨╕╨╕ ╨╜╨░ ╨┤╤Г╤И╤Г ╨╜╨░╤Б╨╡╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П ╨╕ ╨┐╨╛╤В╤А╨╡╨▒╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡ ╨╜╨░ ╨┤╤Г╤И╤Г ╨╜╨░╤Б╨╡╨╗╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П.

╨Ъ╨░╨║ ╨┐╨╛╨┤╨│╨╛╤В╨╛╨▓╨╕╤В╤М╤Б╤П ╨║ ╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Г╤О╤Й╨╡╨╣ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨╕?

╨б╤Г╤Й╨╡╤Б╤В╨▓╤Г╤О╤В ╤А╨░╨╖╨╗╨╕╤З╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╤Б╨┐╨╛╤Б╨╛╨▒╤Л ╨┐╨╛╨┤╨│╨╛╤В╨╛╨▓╨╕╤В╤М╤Б╤П ╨║ ╨┐╤А╨╡╨┤╤Б╤В╨╛╤П╤Й╨╡╨╝╤Г ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨╝╤Г ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╝╤Г ╤Б╨┐╨░╨┤╤Г ╨╕╨╗╨╕ ╤Б╨┐╤А╨░╨▓╨╕╤В╤М╤Б╤П ╤Б ╤Г╤Е╤Г╨┤╤И╨░╤О╤Й╨╕╨╝╨╕╤Б╤П ╨┐╨╛╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Б╤В╨▓╨╕╤П╨╝╨╕. ╨Э╨╡╨║╨╛╤В╨╛╤А╤Л╨╡ ╨╕╨╖ ╨╜╨╕╤Е ╨▓╨║╨╗╤О╤З╨░╤О╤В ╨╜╨░╨╗╨╕╤З╨╕╨╡ ╨┤╨╛╨┐╨╛╨╗╨╜╨╕╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨│╨╛ ╨┤╨╛╤Е╨╛╨┤╨░ ╨╕ ╤А╨╡╨╖╨╡╤А╨▓╨╜╨╛╨│╨╛ ╤Д╨╛╨╜╨┤╨░, ╨║╨╛╤В╨╛╤А╤Л╨╣ ╨╝╨╛╨╢╨╜╨╛ ╤Б╨╜╤П╤В╤М ╨┐╤А╨╕ ╨╜╨╡╨╛╨▒╤Е╨╛╨┤╨╕╨╝╨╛╤Б╤В╨╕. ╨Ъ╤А╨╛╨╝╨╡ ╤В╨╛╨│╨╛, ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╛╤А╤Л ╨╝╨╛╨│╤Г╤В ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╕╤А╨╛╨▓╨░╤В╤М ╨▓ ╨┤╨╛╨╗╨│╨╛╤Б╤А╨╛╤З╨╜╤Л╨╡ ╨┐╨╗╨░╨╜╤Л ╨╕ ╨╕╨╝╨╡╤В╤М ╨┤╨╕╨▓╨╡╤А╤Б╨╕╤Д╨╕╤Ж╨╕╤А╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╨╕╨╜╨▓╨╡╤Б╤В╨╕╤Ж╨╕╨╛╨╜╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╨┐╨╛╤А╤В╤Д╨╡╨╗╤М. ╨У╤А╨░╨╢╨┤╨░╨╜╨░╨╝ ╤А╨╡╨║╨╛╨╝╨╡╨╜╨┤╤Г╨╡╤В╤Б╤П ╨╢╨╕╤В╤М ╤Б ╤В╨╡╨╝, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╤Г ╨╜╨╕╤Е ╨╡╤Б╤В╤М, ╨╕ ╨▒╤Л╤В╤М ╨│╨╛╤В╨╛╨▓╤Л╨╝╨╕ ╤В╨╡╤А╨┐╨╡╤В╤М ╤А╨╕╤Б╨║╨╕, ╨║╨╛╤В╨╛╤А╤Л╨╡ ╨╝╨╛╨│╤Г╤В ╨▓╨╛╨╖╨╜╨╕╨║╨╜╤Г╤В╤М ╨╕╨╖-╨╖╨░ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨│╨╛ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨│╨╛ ╤Б╨┐╨░╨┤╨░.

╨Ъ╨╛╨│╨┤╨░ ╨▒╤Л╨╗╨░ ╨┐╨╛╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╜╤П╤П ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П?

╨Я╨╛╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╨╜╨╡╨╣ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╨╣ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨╡╨╣ ╨▒╤Л╨╗╨░ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П 2020 ╨│╨╛╨┤╨░, ╨▓╤Л╨╖╨▓╨░╨╜╨╜╨░╤П COVID-19. ╨Я╨░╨╜╨┤╨╡╨╝╨╕╤П ╨┐╤А╨╕╨▓╨╡╨╗╨░ ╨║ ╨╜╨╡╨▒╨╗╨░╨│╨╛╨┐╤А╨╕╤П╤В╨╜╤Л╨╝ ╤Д╨╕╨╜╨░╨╜╤Б╨╛╨▓╤Л╨╝ ╨┐╨╛╤В╤А╤П╤Б╨╡╨╜╨╕╤П╨╝, ╨╖╨░╤В╤А╨╛╨╜╤Г╨▓╤И╨╕╨╝ ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╤Г╤О ╨┤╨╡╤П╤В╨╡╨╗╤М╨╜╨╛╤Б╤В╤М ╨▓╤Б╨╡╤Е ╨║╤А╤Г╨┐╨╜╤Л╤Е ╤Б╤В╤А╨░╨╜, ╨▓╨║╨╗╤О╤З╨░╤П ╨б╨и╨Р, ╨Ъ╨╕╤В╨░╨╣, ╨Т╨╡╨╗╨╕╨║╨╛╨▒╤А╨╕╤В╨░╨╜╨╕╤О, ╨Ш╨╜╨┤╨╕╤О ╨╕ ╨┤╤А., ╨╖╨░╤В╤А╨╛╨╜╤Г╤В╤Л╤Е ╨║╨╛╤А╨╛╨╜╨░╨▓╨╕╤А╤Г╤Б╨╛╨╝.

╨а╨╡╨║╨╛╨╝╨╡╨╜╨┤╤Г╨╡╨╝╤Л╨╡ ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╤М╨╕

╨н╤В╨╛ ╤А╤Г╨║╨╛╨▓╨╛╨┤╤Б╤В╨▓╨╛ ╨╛ ╤В╨╛╨╝, ╤З╤В╨╛ ╤В╨░╨║╨╛╨╡ ╨│╨╗╨╛╨▒╨░╨╗╤М╨╜╨░╤П ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╤П ╨╕ ╨╡╨╡ ╨╖╨╜╨░╤З╨╡╨╜╨╕╨╡. ╨Ч╨┤╨╡╤Б╤М ╨╝╤Л ╨╛╨▒╤К╤П╤Б╨╜╤П╨╡╨╝ ╨║╨╛╨╜╤Ж╨╡╨┐╤Ж╨╕╤О ╨▓╨╝╨╡╤Б╤В╨╡ ╤Б ╨╡╨╡ ╨┐╤А╨╕╤З╨╕╨╜╨░╨╝╨╕, ╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Б╤В╨▓╨╕╤П╨╝╨╕ ╨╕ ╨┐╤А╨╕╨╝╨╡╤А╨░╨╝╨╕ (╨║╤А╨╕╨╖╨╕╤Б 2008, 2022). ╨Т╤Л ╨╝╨╛╨╢╨╡╤В╨╡ ╤Г╨╖╨╜╨░╤В╤М ╨▒╨╛╨╗╤М╤И╨╡ ╨╛ ╤Д╨╕╨╜╨░╨╜╤Б╨╕╤А╨╛╨▓╨░╨╜╨╕╨╕ ╨╕╨╖ ╤Б╨╗╨╡╨┤╤Г╤О╤Й╨╕╤Е ╤Б╤В╨░╤В╨╡╨╣ тАУ

• ╨Ъ╤А╨╕╨╖╨╕╤Б╨╜╤Л╨╣ ╤А╨░╨╖╤А╤Л╨▓
• ╨Ъ╨╛╨╝╨┐╨╡╨╜╤Б╨░╤Ж╨╕╤П ╨┐╨╛ ╨▒╨╡╨╖╤А╨░╨▒╨╛╤В╨╕╤Ж╨╡
• ╨Ю╨┐╨╡╤А╨╡╨╢╨░╤О╤Й╨╕╨╡ ╨╕╨╜╨┤╨╕╨║╨░╤В╨╛╤А╤Л
• ╨Я╤А╨╕╨╝╨╡╤А╤Л ╤Н╨║╨╛╨╜╨╛╨╝╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╛╨╣ ╤А╨╡╤Ж╨╡╤Б╤Б╨╕╨╕